Situations in which there is inadequate oxygenation of blood in the lungs include hypoventilation, ventilation-perfusion mismatches, diffusion impairment, low inspired oxygen tension, and extrapulmonary right-to-left shunting.
![oxygen not included transit tube oxygen not included transit tube](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ZGMpAYDiHHI/maxresdefault.jpg)
Hypoxic (or hypoxemic) hypoxia occurs when there is inadequate oxygenation of blood (hypoxemia) and is usually associated with disease of the respiratory tract or other causes of hypoventilation. Hyperpnea is an increased minute ventilation.Tachypnea is an excessively high rate of breathing, with the implication that the breathing is shallow.Polypnea is an excessively high rate of breathing.Dyspnea refers to signs of respiratory distress in animals (in humans it describes the sensation of air hunger, which is a symptom and not a sign).Respiratory failure is the inability of an animal to maintain arterial blood oxygenation and carbon dioxide tension within the normal range.P v co 2 is the carbon dioxide tension in venous blood.Ĭ v o 2 is the venous oxygen content (milliliters of O 2 per 100 mL of blood). P v o 2 is the oxygen tension (partial pressure) in venous blood. P A co 2 is the carbon dioxide partial pressure in alveolar air.Ĭ a o 2 is the arterial oxygen content (milliliters of O 2 per 100 mL of blood). P a co 2 is the carbon dioxide tension (partial pressure) in arterial blood. P A o 2 is the oxygen partial pressure in alveolar gas. P a o 2 is the oxygen tension (partial pressure) in arterial blood. Hypercapnia is an abnormally high carbon dioxide tension in blood.Hypoxemia is deficient oxygenation of blood, usually assessed by measurement of blood oxygen tension, or by measurement of blood hemoglobin saturation and hemoglobin concentration, and subsequent calculation of blood oxygen content.Hypoxia is a broad term meaning diminished availability of oxygen to tissues.Many of these terms are described in more detail in the text that follows, but a brief definition of each is provided here:
![oxygen not included transit tube oxygen not included transit tube](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/XXcK9vH63I8/maxresdefault.jpg)
![oxygen not included transit tube oxygen not included transit tube](https://i.imgur.com/CT8FXRa.jpg)
An understanding of hypoxia, hypercapnia, and respiratory failure is essential to the study of clinical respiratory disease.Ī number of terms are used to describe the function of the respiratory tract, or abnormalities that arise because of a variety of diseases. Death as a result of respiratory failure is attributable to hypoxia. However, failure of other functions of the respiratory system can also result in clinically apparent disease.įailure of gas exchange, and the resultant hypoxia and hypercapnia, is responsible for most of the clinical signs of respiratory disease and for respiratory failure, the terminal event of fatal cases. The most readily apparent failure of the respiratory system is failure of gas exchange with resultant hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Interference with these functions can occur in a number of ways and can have a variety of manifestations that are apparent during disease. Capillaries in the lungs of the farm animal species and horses also possess intravascular macrophages, which are important as a reticuloendothelial organ in the processing of antigens-an action achieved by similar cells in the liver of dogs, cats, and humans. Other important functions include a role in thermoregulation in most species in acid-base regulation in concert with the kidney in functioning as an endocrine organ (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme) in the metabolism of metabolically active substances, including eicosanoids and nitric oxide and in the immune response to inhaled immunogens and pathogens. The principal function of the respiratory system is gas exchange in which oxygen is transferred from the environment to the blood and carbon dioxide is moved in the opposite direction.